All posts by aaronbufe@gmail.com

Rocks, rivers, and global climate: Field work in the Southern Alps of New Zealand

Hiking up the Waimakariri

Landslides are not only a natural hazard, they also erode entire mountain ranges. The mobilization of rock and soils has far reaching implications for the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and it influences Earth’s climate. This February, we spent four weeks in the Southern Alps of New Zealand to investigate how landslides influence the global carbon cycle. We, that is Dr. Erica Erlanger – freshly graduated from the ETH Zurich and now a postdoc at the GFZ – and Alexander Gessner, Master student at the FU Berlin.

Team photo!

The Southern Alps of New Zealand are one of the fastest evolving mountain ranges on the planet. Uplift rates here are several millimeters per year, producing steep hillslopes that are rapidly eroded. Close to 100% of this erosion occurs by landsliding, and the fresh, fine rock mass in landslide deposits creates efficient reactors for chemical weathering. Chemical weathering is the dissolution of minerals by acidic groundwater. Much of the acid in the groundwater stems from dissolving atmospheric CO2 in water. Where this acid dissolves silicate rocks, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions are produced that are washed into the ocean by rivers. In the ocean, these ions provide the ingredients for the formation of carbonate rocks (e.g. CaCO3) which effectively locks up the atmospheric CO2 into the rock record. By sampling springs from landslide deposits, we aim to build a model for how landslides influence chemical weathering in mountain regions. This project is part of the EU-funded Marie Skłodowska-Curie project WetSlide.

Landslides in the Western Southern Alps

Landslides have another important impact on the carbon cycle, because they strip soil and vegetation from hillslopes. The soil and vegetation contain organic carbon and all carbon that makes it to the ocean can get locked up in rocks on the ocean floor. On the bare hillslopes, new soils can build up and lock up carbon from the atmosphere. On this trip, we sampled soils and measured how they grow over time by studying landslides that occurred anywhere from 1- to 1000 years ago.

Landslide scars and deposits showing various degree of re-vegetation. Haremare Creek

New paper: Modelling internal variability of channel movements

From the movement of rivers, to the generation of catastrophic landslides and the evolution of entire landscapes, many processes that shape the surface of the earth are characterized by a high degree of variability; variability that is not linked to environmental factors, but to complex internal dynamics. Describing such complexity and variability requires stochastic models that describe processes probabilistically and large datasets to calibrate these models. What can we do when nature presents to us only one of the many possible evolutions of a highly complex system?

In this paper, we describe a framework to calibrate stochastic models of morphodynamic systems with a single time-series of data. By “morphodynamic system” we refer to a system that is characterized by changes in shapes or position of objects. Rivers that are moving back and forth across a floodplain are a great example for a morphodynamic system that is characterized by complex internal dynamics. Here, we demonstrate the framework using an experiment of braided rivers moving in a flume. Yes, this is the same experiment that we used in our last paper to study the average behavior of lateral channel movements (Link). Here, we are interested in the variability.

In simple terms, the framework consists of generating a large number of “synthetic” time-series from a stochastic model. These synthetic time-series will vary depending on the input parameters to the model. We calibrate these parameters by finding model outputs that are statistically equivalent to the data. One of the key aspects of the framework is the choice of statistical tests to compare the data to the model. We propose three statistical tests to compare the behavior of channel movements in model and datasets, but these statistical comparisons are modular and can be adapted or expanded to suit the studied morphodynamic system.

Hoffimann, J., Bufe, A., Caers J. (accepted). Morphodynamic Analysis and Statistical Synthesis of Geomorphic Data: Application to a Flume Experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. Journal link.

Master’s project at the GFZ, Potsdam

If you are looking for a Master’s thesis project at the interface of geomorphology and geochemistry, I would like to draw your attention to an opportunity in the Geomorphology group of the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ) in Potsdam.

The chemical weathering of rocks on Earth’s surface is one of the cornerstones of the carbon cycle and controls atmospheric CO2 concentrations on geologic timescales. Weathering has traditionally been described by models of in-situ production and chemical alteration of regolith and soils. However, recent observations clearly indicate that in rapidly eroding mountain ranges bedrock landslides dominate the production and storage of fresh, unweathered sediment and that landslides may strongly influence weathering fluxes.

Within a recently-funded EU project (Link), we are investigating the impact of landslide erosion on chemical weathering. I am looking for a motivated student to tackle one of several open questions in this project. For example, how does chemical weathering in landslide deposits evolve through time? How important is the removal of a topographic load for fracture formation in the landslide scar area and the chemical weathering in mountain hillslopes? If you are more interested in geomorphology, you could also work on the distribution of residence times of rocks in landslide deposits. In other words, on what timescale are rocks in landslide deposits either removed from a hillslope or developed into a deposit that, for the purposes of chemical weathering, is indistinguishable from a soil?

The project will include fieldwork in New Zealand, and you will be collecting and analyzing the chemistry of seepage waters and/or characterizing landslide volumes and grain sizes in the field and with drone imagery.

If this project sparks your interest, or if you have any other questions, please contact me at abufe@gfz-potsdam.de.

New Position: Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow

Today, I start my new position as a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow at the German Research Center for Geosciences! The office is the same, but I will embark on a new exciting project: WetSlide. We aim to develop a model for weathering of rocks in landslide deposits. Keep your eyes open for more updates and a new project website with more information.

Hillslopes with old landslide scars in the Poerua catchment, New Zealand

New paper: Lateral channel migration

Natural lowland rivers tend to erode their banks and migrate across an alluvial surface. In our new paper, we use data from experiments to develop a model for lateral channel migration rates of braided streams. Surprisingly, we find that the direct influence of sediment discharge on migration rates is relatively weak, and that the main controls on migration rates are the water discharge and the channel bank height. Of course, the channel bank height itself is influenced by water and sediment discharges – this is where our results need to be combined with models for the long-profile evolution of streams, which leaves exciting new research avenues ahead.|

Bufe, A., Turowski, J.M., Burbank, D.W., Paola, C., Wickert, A.D., Tofelde, S. (accepted) Controls on the lateral channel migration rate of braided channel systems in coarse non-cohesive sediment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Journal Link

New paper: Fill terrace formation and sediment signals

I am excited to see our new paper on alluvial channel response to environmental perturbations published today in Earth Surface Dynamics. In this paper we present results from physical experiments of channels that were subject to perturbations of water and sediment discharges. We demonstrate that combining terrace geometries with information on (1) the timescales of terrace formation and/or (2) the sediment discharge from the river system, allows to distinguish between water and sediment discharges as the driver for river incision.

Tofelde, S., Savi, S., Wickert A.W., Bufe, A., Schildgen, T.  (2019). Alluvial channel response to environmental perturbations: Fill-terrace formation and sediment-signal disruption. Earth Surface Dynamics, 7(2), 609-631. Journal Link

This is a schematic diagram of the changes expected in (a&b) river morphology and (c-f) the sediment output from an alluvial river during a transient phase of incision (a, c & e) or aggradation (b, d & f). Panels (c-f), show the upstream sediment input (orange line) and water input (blue line) and the downstream sediment output (colored circles). Importantly, a phase of incision can be due to a decrease in the sediment input into the channel, or an increase in the water input. The topography is similar in both cases but the pattern of sediment output is very different. Therefore, using sedimentary archives that record such sediment output together with terrace records can yield more information about the driver behind a change than each one of the records by itself.

EGU 2019

EGU is happening and I hope to see some of you there! This year, I will:

Co-convene a session
Erosion, chemical weathering and sedimentation in mountain landscapes
Orals: Wed, 10 Apr, 08:30–12:30, 14:00–15:45, Room D3.
Posters: Thu, 11 Apr, 08:30–10:15, Hall X2.

Give a solicited talk
Bufe et al. Temporal changes in rock uplift rates of folds in the foreland of the Tian Shan and the Pamir from geodetic and geologic data. Tue, 09 Apr, 17:45–18:00, Room K1. (Link)

Co-author talks
Roda-Boluda et al. Examining landslide recurrence intervals and landslide-derived sediment fluxes with 10Be concentrations and grain size distributions: preliminary results from the Fiordland and the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Wed, 10 Apr, 09:45–10:00 Room D3. (Link)

Tofelde et al. Fill-terrace formation and sediment-signal disruption in response to environmental perturbations. Wed, 10 Apr, 15:15–15:30, Room D3. (Link)

Hoffimann-Mendes et al. Morphodynamic Analysis and Statistical Synthesis of Geomorphic Data. Wed, 10 Apr, 16:15–16:30, Room 0.96. (Link)

New paper in open review: Fill terrace formation and sediment signals

River terraces hold information about perturbations in climate and tectonics, but different perturbations can have similar effects on the stratigraphic record. For example, both a decrease in sediment discharge or an increase in water discharge can cause river incision, which complicates the interpretation of incised terraces. In our new paper that is open for review and discussion in Earth Surface Dynamics, we present results from physical experiments of channels that were subject to perturbations of water and sediment discharges. We demonstrate that combining terrace geometries with information on (1) the timescales of terrace formation and/or (2) the sediment discharge from the river system, allows to distinguish between water and sediment discharges as the driver for river incision. You can have a closer look and discuss the paper here.

Tofelde, S., Savi, S., Wickert A.W., Bufe, A., Schildgen, T. Alluvial channel response to environmental perturbations: Fill-terrace formation and sediment-signal disruption. under review at Earth Surface Dynamics

Goldschmidt and AK Geomorph meetings 2018

I will be presenting our results on the impact of soil and landslide erosion processes on weathering at both Goldschmidt in Boston and the AK Geomorphologt meeting in Gießen.

Bufe, A., Emberson, R., Hovius, N., Caves Rugenstein, J.K., Hassenruck-Gudipati, H. (2018). Impact of soil and landslide erosion processes on coupled sulfide oxidation and carbonate weathering. Goldschmidt. Boston, USA.

Bufe, A., Emberson, R., Hovius, N., Caves Rugenstein, J.K., Hassenruck-Gudipati, H. (2018). The impact of soil and landslide erosion processes on carbonate and silicate weathering in southern Taiwan. Central European Conference on Geomorphology and Quaternary Sciences. Gießen, Germany.

EGU 2018

I will be at EGU again, and this year, we have a lot going on.

I will be chairing a session:
Chemical weathering, soil formation, and organic carbon mobilization across spatial and temporal scales.

I will present a talk on our work on lateral channel migration rates:
Bufe, A., Turowski, J.M., Burbank, D.W., Paola, C., Wickert, A.D., Tofelde, S. (2018). Controls on lateral channel mobility and the reworked area of active alluvial surfaces. EGU General Assembly. Vienna, Austria.

I will present a poster on our most recent water chemistry from southern Taiwan:
Bufe, A., Emberson, R., Hovius, N., Caves-Rugenstein, J.K., Hassenruck-Gudipati, H. (2018). Impact of soil and landslide erosion processes on chemical weathering. EGU General Assembly. Vienna, Austria.

Moreover, Jeff Prancevic will present new grain size data from landslides in New Zealand:
Prancevic, J.P., Roda-Boluda, D., Tofelde, S., Bufe, A., Hemingway, J.D. (2018). Sediment sizes produced by landslides in a threshold landscape. EGU General Assembly. Vienna, Austria.